Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, atau dalam bahasa latin Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae (disingkat dalam berbagai ragam cara, MBBS or MBChB, MB BS, MB BChir, BM BCh, MB BCh, MB ChB, BM BS, BM, BMed etc.) adalah dua glar profesional yang diberikan kepada lulusan sekolah kedokteran dalam bidang pengobatan dan bedah di berbagai negara yang mengikuti tradisi di UK. Pemegang gelar MBBS merujuk kepada gelar "Dokter" dengan prefix "dr"
Berikut adalah ulasan tentang penamaan dokter di berbagai negara.
NAMING OF "DOCTOR"
The specific names and abbreviations given to these degrees depend on the particular institution, awarding body or country, and vary widely; this is mostly for reasons of tradition rather than to indicate any particular difference between the relative levels of the degrees, and they are considered equivalent.
If the awarding body titles the degrees in Latin, the degrees are commonly named Medicinae Baccalaureus, Chirurgiae Baccalaureus,Medicinae Baccalaureus et Chirurgiae Baccalaureus, or Baccalaureus in Medicina et in Chirurgia, abbreviated as MB ChB, MB BCh or otherwise. If titled in English, they are named Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, or Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery, usually abbreviated as MB BS, and sometimes as BM BS, even though most MB BS-awarding institutions do not use Latin to name their degrees.
Below are described the specific names used, arranged by country.
Australia
See also: Medical education in Australia
Most Australian medical schools confer MBBS degrees. However, the University of Newcastle confers BMed. This degree is equivalent to MBBS and any BMed graduate may practice in any field of Medicine of their own choice including surgery. In Australia, the Doctor of Medicine (MD) is an advanced research degree requiring two years of full-time enrolment, compared to a PhD, which requires three years of full-time enrolment. The University of Melbourne will award a Doctor of Medicine to their MBBS equivalent graduates as will several others including the University of Western Australia, located in Perth.
Bahrain
The Medical University of Bahrain or RCSI-Bahrain, is a constituent university of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) and awards its graduates the MB/BCh BAO, the same degree awarded to graduates at RCSI.
Bangladesh
All medical schools in Bangladesh award MBBS. The MD is awarded as a postgraduate research degree in select medical colleges, following the medical tradition of Commonwealth countries. In Bangladesh, Allopathic and Alternative Medicine related medical education at the undergraduate and graduate level is provided by medical colleges. The colleges are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health, and are affiliated with a university in the respective region. Until the early 1990s, all medical colleges were established by the government. Since then, several private medical colleges have been set up.
Egypt
All Egyptian medical schools, public and private, award an MBBCh as the basic medical degree after completion of 6 academic years. Contrary to the US and Canada, an MD is awarded as an advanced research degree, comparable to a PhD.
England and Northern Ireland
Various abbreviations are used for these degrees in these areas:
- MB ChB are used at the universities of Birmingham, Bristol, Lancaster, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, Keele, Manchester, Sheffield, and Warwick.
- MB, BCh, BAO are used at the Queen's University, Belfast.
- MB BS are used at all medical schools currently or previously part of the University of London (Imperial College School of Medicine,UCL Medical School, King's College London School of Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and St George's, University of London), University of East Anglia, Hull York Medical School, and Newcastle University.
- BM BCh are used at the University of Oxford and Swansea University.
- BM BS are used at the University of Nottingham, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Exeter Medical School and Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry), and Brighton and Sussex Medical School
- BM is awarded at the University of Southampton. Although no degree in surgery is formally awarded by Southampton, this degree is equivalent to the MB ChB, and students may go on to a career in surgery the same as any other graduates in medicine and surgery.
- MB BChir are awarded by the University of Cambridge.
At the University of St Andrews, pre-clinical study leads to the award of a BSc (Hons) degree. Students then progress to other institutions to complete their MBChB. At the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the preclinical course leads to an additionalBachelor of Arts (BA), degree (upgradable after three or four years to Master of Arts), after which most students used to go elsewhere (but usually to one of the London teaching hospitals) to complete clinical training. They could then take the degrees of their new university: they used to have the options of returning to their old university to take the clinical examinations, or taking one of the old non-university qualifying examinations.
The Conjoint diplomas: LRCP, MRCS, and the alternative diploma LMSSA were non-university qualifying examinations in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by the Royal College of Physicians of London, Royal College of Surgeons of England and Society of Apothecaries through the United Examining Board from 1994 until 1999, when the General Medical Council withdrew permission. Prior to 1994, the English Conjoint diploma of LRCP, MRCS was awarded for 110 years, and the LMSSA was a distinct and sometimes less-esteemed qualification. These diplomas slowly became less popular among British medical students, but as recently as 1938 only a half of them qualified with university degrees.[3] The diplomas came to be taken mostly by those who had already qualified in medicine overseas.
Ghana
All Ghanaian medical schools award an MBChB as the basic medical degree after 6 academic years. These medical schools areKwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology,[4] University of Ghana, University for Development Studies and University of Cape Coast
Guyana
The University of Guyana awards MB BS. Other "offshore" United-States-linked schools in the country award the North American MD. Recently, the University of Guyana acquired accreditation by CAAM-HP, establishing itself as a credible institute and teaching standards in comparison with University of West Indies.
Hong Kong
The awarding of qualifications in Hong Kong follows the British tradition. The dual degree is awarded as:
- MBBS at The University of Hong Kong; and
- MBChB at The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
India
Medical colleges in India, accredited by the Medical Council of India, all title the degrees as MBBS.
Indonesia
In Indonesia, medicine is an undergraduate study. The Bachelor of Medicine program is completed in 3.5 up to 4 years and graduating students are awarded the degree of S.Ked (Sarjana Kedokteran / Bachelor of Medicine). At this point, the graduate is not yet a doctor, but he or she may choose to work directly as a scientist or other non-clinician professions (usually still health-related). However, most S.Ked graduates will pursue the conventional path, which is to enroll in the clerkship program for another 1.5 up to 2 years. This makes the total duration of medical school 5 or 6 years. After they finish clerkship, they will take their Hippocratic Oath and be awarded the title of dr. (medical doctor, equivalent to M.D. in United States). Graduates who hold this title are licensed and may now practice medicine. Note that this title is written in lowercase "d", as opposed to uppercase "D", Dr., which in Indonesia refers to a Ph.D.
Iran
In Iran, the primary medical (postgraduate) degree is completed in 7 years. Medical graduates are awarded a postgraduate certificate in general medicine and referred to as general doctors. They may subsequently specialize in a specific medical field at medical school offering the necessary qualification, and upon graduation apply for specialist training posts.
Iraq
All medical schools in Iraq award MB ChB.
Ireland
The medical schools in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland—namely Queen's University Belfast, University of Dublin(Trinity College), some constituent institutions of the National University of Ireland (University College Dublin, University College Corkand National University of Ireland, Galway), and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland—award the degrees of MB BCh BAO. The letters BAO stand for Baccalaureus in Arte Obstetricia (Bachelor of Obstetrics), a degree unique to Ireland which the Irish universities added in the 19th century as the legislation at the time insisted on a final examination in obstetrics. This third degree is an anachronism which is not registerable with the Irish Medical Council nor the British General Medical Council (GMC). The only exception is theUniversity of Limerick graduate school of medicine which awards BM BS for Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery.
LRCPI LRCSI, or simply LRCP&SI, denotes a holder of the historical non-university qualifying licenciates awarded jointly by the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland to students of the RCSI's medical school under the Irish Conjoint Scheme. Unlike the corresponding licentiates awarded by the Royal Colleges in Scotland and England (which were external qualifications), these qualifications are still registerable with the Irish Medical Council, but not with the British GMC. Students at RCSI still receive these licenciates but now also receive the degrees MB BCh BAO, due to RCSI's status as a recognised college of theNational University of Ireland. The RCSI students also received a Licence in Midwifery (LM) from each college, in the same way that the Irish universities granted BAO degrees, so their qualifications were sometimes expressed as L & LM, RCPI, L & LM, RCSI or more misleadingly as LLM, RCP&SI.
LAH formerly denoted a licentiate of the now-defunct Apothecaries' Hall, Dublin, and is no longer awarded.
Jordan
The Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) degree is awarded in Jordan after completion of six years comprising three years ofmedical sciences and three clinical years.
Kenya
The national universities with medical faculties in Kenya, namely Egerton University, University of Nairobi, Kenyatta University, Moi University, and Maseno University award MB ChB.
Mount Kenya University awards a different degree, the Bachelor of Clinical Medicine and Community Health
Libya
There are two major medical universities in Libya, University of Tripoli (Tripoli) and Garyounis University (Benghazi). Both schools awardMBBCh. There is also a credited private university called Libyan International Medical University.
Malaysia
The MBBS is awarded by 5 Public & 14 Private Universities:
Myanmar
Nepal
There are 18 Medical Schools in Nepal that award MBBS degree. Nepal Medical Council (NMC) is the regulatory board in Nepal that give recognition to medical institutions for providing formal studies in medical science and training.
New Zealand
Pakistan
All sixty-nine medical colleges award MBBS, including famous colleges The Aga Khan University, King Edward Medical University,Services Institute of Medical Sciences, and Allama Iqbal Medical College. See medical colleges and schools in Pakistan.[5]
People's Republic Of China
In the People's Republic of China, medical graduates are traditionally awarded a Bachelor of Medicine (BMed) for a course of study lasting five or six years. However, as of 2011, 49 universities, including its frequently top-ranked medical schools, have been authorized by the government to award the MBBS degree as an equivalent to the BMed.
Saudi Arabia
Medical schools in Saudi Arabia award MBBS.
Somalia
Medical schools in Somalia award the MBBS degree.
Scotland
The University of St Andrews School of Medicine awarded MB ChB until the early 1970s, but since the incorporation of its clinical medical school into the University of Dundee, St Andrews now only awards a pre-clinical BSc or BSc (Hons), and students go to a Partner Medical School (Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, or Manchester where they are awarded an MB ChB after a further three years' study.
The Scottish Triple Conjoint Diploma of LRCPE, LRCSE, LRCPSG (earlier LRCPE, LRCSE, LRFPSG) is an old non-university qualifying examination in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, previously through a Conjoint Board and from 1994 through theUnited Examining Board. These qualifications are still registrable with the GMC, but permission to award them was withdrawn by the Privy Council of the UK in 1999.
South Africa
The University of Pretoria, University of Cape Town, University of the Free State, University of Stellenbosch, University of KwaZulu-Nataland MEDUNSA all award MBChB, whereas the University of the Witwatersrand styles its degree as MBBCh. See Medical education in South Africa.
Singapore
The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine at the National University of Singapore confers MB BS. The American Duke University also has a medical programme based in Singapore (Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School), but it follows the North-American model of styling its degree Doctor of Medicine.
Sri Lanka
The University of Colombo, University of Peradeniya, University of Kelaniya (Ragama), University of Ruhuna, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Rajarata University, University of Jaffna, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University and Eastern University of Sri Lanka all award MBBS.
Sudan
All Sudanese medical schools award BMBCh. The University of Juba in South Sudan awards the MBBS degree after the successful completion of six academic years.
United States
The Wisconsin Medical Society defends the use of the MD title by physicians who graduated with an MBBS and are licensed to practice medicine in Wisconsin.
Uganda
The five universities in Uganda which have medical schools that teach undergraduate courses, namely Makerere University, Mbarara University, Gulu University, Kampala International University and Busitema University, all award the MBChB degree.
Wales
Both universities in Wales that have medical schools, namely Cardiff University and Swansea University, award MB BCh.
West Indies
All constituent countries of the University of the West Indies (UWI) confer MB BS, due to the historical affiliation of UWI to the University of London. There are other medical schools in the West Indies, but these follow the North-American system leading to MD
Source: electroplated from wikipedia
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